25+ TERRIFIC Repetition Examples in Literature

25+ TERRIFIC Repetition Examples in Literature 25+ TERRIFIC Repetition Examples in Literature Altering 101 will consistently disclose to you something very similar: stay away from redundancy in your composition. Be that as it may, beyond a shadow of a doubt, redundancy isn’t an untouchable in  the universe of composition! Indeed, when executed with artfulness, it can make a bit of composing even more compelling.This post will take you through the nuts and bolts of redundancy. What's more, on the grounds that the most ideal approach to comprehend a scholarly gadget is to see it in gifted activity, we’ll likewise spread 30 amazing instances of redundancy in writing. (To avoid past the following segment where we characterize reiteration, you can hop directly to those examples!)Repetition definitionRepetition is the demonstration of rehashing sounds, words, expressions, or full sentences. As an artistic gadget, it’s used to emphasize key focuses, or to accomplish a specific beat, tone, or style of composition - which is the reason you’ll regularly di scover it in poetry.However, while it very well may be utilized to feature significant subtleties or upgrade mood, redundancy should be finished with care. In the event that you unintentionally rehash words or re-express a similar data for perusers again and again (and over) once more, it can get jolting. For example, if you’ve as of now told perusers that a character has an irregular delight blemish on their shoulder, notice it once and leave it at that. Catching wind of the magnificence mark each time that character is in a scene is tiring. On the off chance that it’s vital to bring it up more than once, find new and fascinating methods of focusing on it - rather than simply expressing its reality, perhaps you can have another character remark on it.If you’re going to rehash a word, expression, or thought, it needs to have a reason. Pinpoint precisely why it should be said again - or if there’s another way you present it that adds more to the narrative. To  figure out the correct method to utilize this scholarly gadget, you initially need to get familiar with the various kinds of reiteration. Get familiar with how Reedsy can assist you with creating an excellent book.Types of repetitionDid you realize that there are in any event 15 principle kinds of redundancy? They fall into two classes: words and sounds. Let’s start with...Repetition of Words1. Anadiplosis The final expression of a condition or sentence is rehashed as the main expression of the following one.Example: Dread prompts outrage; outrage prompts scorn; disdain prompts strife; struggle prompts languishing. - Yoda, in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.2. Anaphora The word or expression toward the start of progressive statements or sentences is repeated.Example: â€Å"It down-poured on his lousy gravestone, and it came down on the grass on his stomach. It came down everywhere throughout the place.† - The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger3. Antistasis The reiteration of words or expressions in various or opposite senses.Example: â€Å"We must, for sure, all hang together or, without a doubt, we will all hang separately.†  -Benjamin Franklin4. Conduplicatio The incessant redundancy of a word or expression inside a passage, so as to develop its meaning.Example: â€Å"Now is an ideal opportunity to make genuine the guarantees of vote based system. Right now is an ideal opportunity to ascend from the dim and ruined valley of isolation to the sunlit way of racial equity. This is the ideal opportunity to lift our country from the sand traps of racial foul play to the strong stone of fraternity. This is the ideal opportunity to make equity a reality for the entirety of God's kids. - Martin Luther King, Jr.5. Diacope The redundancy of words isolated be extra words, which modify their meaning.Example: â€Å"We few, we glad few, we band of brothers.† - Henry V by Shakespeare6. Epanalepsis The word both toward the start and toward the finish of the proviso or sentence is repeated.Example: â€Å"Next time there won't be a next time.† - Phil Leotardo, in The Sopranos7. Epimone The word or expression is rehashed to put accentuation on its meaning.Example: â€Å"Mr. Dick shook his head, as completely disavowing the recommendation; and having answered a large number occasions, and with extraordinary certainty, ‘No poor person, no hobo, no homeless person, Sir!’† - David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (Are you a Dickens fan? Look into 15 of his works of art books in our manual for Dickens!)8. Epiphora The redundancy of a word or expression toward the finish of a progression of statements or sentences.Example: In the event that you knew to whom I gave the ring, In the event that you knew for whom I gave the ring Also, would consider for what I gave the ring Also, how reluctantly I left the ring, At the point when nothing would be acknowledged yet the ring, You would subside the quality of your dismay. - The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare9. Epizeuxis The progressive redundancy of a word or expression inside one provision or sentence.Example: â€Å"The awfulness, the horror.† - Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad10. Negative-Positive Restatement A thought or expression is introduced in negative terms, and afterward rehashed in positive terms.Example: â€Å"The disaster of mature age isn't that one is old, yet that one is young.† - The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde11. Polyptoton A similar root word is rehashed in various forms.Example: â€Å"Today you will be You, that is more genuine than valid. There is nobody alive who is Youer than You.† - Happy Birthday to You! by Dr. Seuss12. Symploce The redundancy of a word or expression both toward the end and toward the start of a statement or sentence. (As such, a blend of  anaphora and epiphora.)Example: The yellow haze that rubs its back upon the window-sheets, The yellow smoke that rubs its gag on the window-panes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T.S. EliotSound RepetitionDo you hear that? Is it bat, a rodent, or a gnat? What's more, talking about sounds that recurrent themselves, let’s investigate at...13. Similar sounding word usage The progressive reiteration of consonant sounds in the focused on part of a word.Example: â€Å"She sells shells by the ocean shore.†14. Sound similarity The vowel sounds are repeated.Example: â€Å"Hear the smooth wedding bells†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - â€Å"The Bells† by Edgar Allan Poe15. Consonance The reiteration of consonant sounds in progressive or firmly associated words. The distinction among consonance and similar sounding word usage is that similar sounding word usage is toward the start of the word (so â€Å"Peter Piper†), however consonance can be anyplace in the word.Example: I'll swing by my lower legs. She'll stick to your knees. As you hang by your nose, From a high-up trapeze. Be that as it may, only a certain something, it would be ideal if you As we coast through the breeze, Try not to sniffle. - â€Å"The Acrobats† by Shel SilversteinOkay, presently that we’ve raised consistently to an acceptable level (pardon the similar sounding word usage), on the various sorts of redundancy, let’s take a gander at some praiseworthy models from writing (pardon the polyptoton).Repetition models in literatureLet’s transform this area into a little test. Attempt to think about what sort of redundancy each statement is utilizing as you read through - the appropriate responses will be given at the bottom!Example #1: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas AdamsSpace is large. You just will have a hard time believing how boundlessly, colossally, marvelously huge it is. That is to say, you may believe it's far not far off to the chemist's, however that is only peanuts to space.Example #2: The Innocents Abroad by Mark TwainThey are not paid for thinkingthey are not paid to worry about the world's interests. They were not decent peo plethey were not commendable peoplethey were not scholarly and savvy and splendid peoplebut in their bosoms, all their moronic lives long, resteth a harmony that passeth understanding!Example #3: Deep River by Shusaku Endoâ€Å"Hatred was spreading all over, blood was being spilled all over the place, wars were breaking out everywhere.†Example #4: A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickensâ€Å"It was the best of times, it was the most exceedingly terrible of times, it was the time of shrewdness, it was the time of stupidity, it was the age of conviction, it was the age of doubt, it was the period of Light, it was the period of Darkness, it was the spring of expectation, it was the winter of despondency, we had everything before us, we didn't have anything before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way to put it plainly, the period was so far like the current time frame, that a portion of its noisiest specialists demanded its being g otten, for acceptable or for abhorrent, in the standout level of examination only.†Example #5: Beloved by Toni Morrisonâ€Å"Beloved is mine; she is Beloved.†Example #6: Lolita by Vladimir Nabokovâ€Å"What I present here is the thing that I recollect of the letter, and what I recall of the letter I recollect verbatim (counting that dreadful French).†Example #7: Outer Dark by Cormac McCarthyâ€Å"And venturing delicately with her demeanor of blooded ruin about the knoll in a slight misery of effortlessness she trailed her clothes through residue and ashes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Answers: a) Epimone; b) Symploce; c) Epistrophe; d) Anaphora; e) Epanalepsis; f) Anadiplosis; g) AssonanceExamples of reiteration in poetryRepetition is particularly predominant in verse, as it can help accomplish a specific reverberation with perusers. Once more, read through the accompanying instances of beautiful redundancy and think about what type each uses.Example #1: Halting by Woo ds On a Snowy Evening by Robert Frostâ€Å"The woods are exquisite, dim, and profound, Be that as it may, I have vows to keep, What's more, miles to go before I rest, What's more, miles to go before I sleep.†Example #2: Don't Go Gentle into the Good Night by Dylan Thomasâ€Å"Do not go delicate into that goodbye, Mature age should consume and rave at close of day; Anger, rage, against the perishing of the light. Grave men, close to death, who see with blinding sight, Dazzle eyes could burst like meteors and be gay, Wrath, rage against the perishing of the light.†Example #3: â€Å"Annabel Lee† by Edgar Allen Poeâ€Å"It was numerous and numerous a year back, In a

Introduction to Ideologies Essay Example

Prologue to Ideologies Essay Do the assignments in as much detail as you discover important to get familiar with the material. Save your notes for study purposes. Results: 1 . To acknowledge different viewpoints with respect to character and belief system and the connection among independence and the benefit of everyone. 2. To investigate factors that many impact individual and aggregate convictions and qualities (culture, language, media, relationship to land, condition, sexual orientation, religion( otherworldliness, belief system). 3. To look at articulations of independence and cooperation and the dynamic among independence and the normal go( contemporary social orders. . To look at attributes of philosophy (understandings of history, convictions about human instinct, convictions about the Truckee of society, dreams for the future); the topics of belief systems (country class, relationship to land, condition, religion, progressivism); and the connection among perspectives and belief system. 5. To investigate independence and the benefit of everyone as establishments of belief system. II. Learning Activities Students will finish 7 Learning exercises utilizing this learning guide, the course book Perspectives on Ideology; and various Internet sites. The course reading material Perspectives on Ideology is accessible in the Library. Sick. Assessment Spoon culmination of this learning guide understudies will compose a test in the Test Center comprising of 25 numerous decision things. Movement l: Consider the accompanying regarding pages 7 18, 23 24 and 49 50 01 Perspectives on Ideology 1 . Quickly recognize various convictions about human instinct, nature of society, translations of history and dreams of things to come 2. Clarify what is implied by independence and cooperation. 3. Clarify the job of qualities in impacting individual personality and aggregate objectives. 4. Distinguish the variables that impact convictions and qualities. 5. Thoroughly analyze the perspectives on Locke, Hobbes and Rousseau on human instinct. 6. Think about the source on page 13. Whatever degree are the particularly European thoughts of Locke and Hobbes dependent on comparative qualities? 7. Portray the significance and job of philosophy in human issues. Establishments OF IDEOLOGY The well known seventeenth C logical way to deal with understanding regular wonder disengaging, diminishing, analyzing, and isolating was adjusted for utilize a social instrument, a political range with expectations of uncovering the constituent pieces of political conviction. We will compose a custom exposition test on Introduction to Ideologies explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Introduction to Ideologies explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Introduction to Ideologies explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A political range is a method of looking at or envisioning political convictions by setting them on a pivot. The range places conservatism on the right, verbalism focus left and communism left of that. Socialism and Fascism involve positions on the outrageous left and right separately. While the range is an erroneous proportion of conviction, the accompanying qualities are commonly acknowledged: An accentuation on uniformity is viewed as left-wing and accentuation on freedom is conservative Government monetary interventionism is liberal; restricted government is conservative. Preparation to change is left-wing; support for custom and business as usual is conservative. The Political Spectrum Political thoughts are frequently ordered by their situation on a political Spectrum. The political range initially came into utilization not long after the French Revolution in 1789. (The individuals who sat on the left half of the chamber needed critical change in government; those on the privilege needed almost no change. ) The Political Spectrum: as an outflow of people groups availability to acknowledge change: NOTE: The articulation business as usual methods the present framework or the status quo now. On the off chance that you want change, at that point that implies changing business as usual. In the event that you leave things the manner in which they are, at that point you are keeping up business as usual. The norm) Radical Moderate Reactionary Radical: A fanatic of the political left. Radicals need change to the norm that is quick and clearing and are set up to utilize savagery to accomplish their progressive objectives. Moderate: Someone who is comm only happy with business as usual. Conservatives incorporate the two dissidents who bolster advance and acknowledge change as a methods for improving conditions for people and society, and preservationists who oppose change accepting that customs, benefit and peace are basic to keeping up an edified society. Reactionary: A fanatic of the political right. Reactionaries dismiss hang and favor an arrival to conventional qualities, foundations and the genuine or envisioned wonders of the past. Ideological Belief and the Political Spectrum: In the twentieth Century, radical Communists accepted a worldwide laborers upset would bring about aggregate proprietorship and a tactless society. Moderate communists looked for equity through vote based methods. Dissidents scanned for more extensive individual rights in an equitable society. Moderates guarded benefit and independence. Extremists were reactionaries who restricted correspondence, advanced consistency and upheld an arrival to national wonder and domain. Socialism verbalism Conservatism Fascism Note: On the range, change moves to one side; therefore, after some time, values that once appeared to be increasingly radical steadily become acknowledged and in the long run may speak to business as usual. Dissidents in the 1 ninth century upheld constrained government, singular rights yet not all inclusive testimonial (it was acknowledged that specific gatherings, ladies for instance, ought not reserve the privilege to cast a ballot). Incidentally, in contemporary society, it is conservatism that contends for restricted government and progressivism that accepts government has a significant task to carry out in making an increasingly libertarian culture. Conservatism, as usual, plans to protect the norm and its inalienable conventions and benefits. A range speaking to the degree of Government Control Political and monetary frameworks can likewise be grouped by how much control the administration has over its residents. The extraordinary right and left of the range favor absolute government control to accomplish their goals. Communists accept that legislature has a noteworthy job in controlling indispensable ventures and offices. Dissidents accept government has a job in forming a superior society. Moderates accept the job Of government ought to be constrained. Agitators are so wary of the intensity of government that they trust it ought to be nullified. These perspectives can be spoken to in various manners: Anarchism No Government (Anarchy) Limited Government (Democracy) Total Government (Dictatorship) Government Control Freedom _ Liberalism Individual TOTALITARIANISM MODERATES ANARCHISM Totalitarianism: An extremist state is administered by a solitary head and gathering. The official has complete command over all elements of the state and residents are relied upon to give their full faithfulness to their administration. Such a state could be Communist or Fascist (additionally named tyrant, absolutist, dictatorial, actuarial, one-party state). Conservatives: Moderates offset singular opportunity with the benefit of all. Moderate states advance pluralism which perceives the normal privileges of an assorted populace to effectively take an interest in the overseeing of the nation. The intensity of the legislature is restricted by the constitution and rule of law. A partition of forces guarantees that no part of government can employ phenomenal force without the assent of the represented. Political agitation: Anarchists accept that all administration authority is self-serving, possibly degenerate and treacherous, and that people ought to be ere from outside organizations. Seen from every single other situation on the range, political agitation is dismissed as a framework that would bring about disorder (mayhem); at the same time, this mirrors the viewpoint of the individuals who bolster government an a foundation. Investigating THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM The Spectrum as a Grid The trouble of setting complex convictions on a left-right range prompted the us of a network framework. Along these lines, a belief system that esteemed financial opportunity however considerate restriction could be separated from one that lectured both monetary and political opportunity. Financial Freedom Political Freedom Fascists dismiss political opportunities in an express that commends administration and national destinations. They secure private possession however control financial dynamic. Socialists dismiss political and monetary opportunities so as to make another socialist state. Hypothetically government control closes when a ridiculous society is accomplished. Libertarians dismiss government interruption in the lives of residents. Libertarians accept people ought to be allowed to do anything they need, inasmuch as they don't encroach upon the privileges of others. They dismiss aggregate qualities and are dubious of government interruption in their lives. Communists utilize the majority rule forces of government to accomplish libertarian goals. The accompanying case of a two-hub matrix demonstrates that it is feasible for an individual to be one of four blends of Liberal/Conservative. For example, somebody could be a monetary moderate On financial issues (I. E. Has confidence in free markets, constrained government, low charges) and a social liberal on issues, for example, minority rights. Ranges are valuable in that they give a visual methods for differentiating convictions on a continuum but since they streamline data they have constrained use in pinpointing complex political and financial thoughts. Movement 2: Consider the accompanying regarding what you have quite recently found out about The political Spectrum. You may likewise consider online sources, for example, http://www. Policewomans. Organization http://www. Learnable. Ca/content/espies/record. HTML http://en. Wisped. Organization/wick/political_spectrum 1 . Quickly distinguish the

Analysis of Fire and Ice by Robert Forst Essay

This article attempts to break down the one of a kind highlights in structure, words, phonology, sentence structure and talk in the sonnet of 40-Love by British writer Roger McGough so as to have a more profound comprehension of the substance and type of a sonnet. Watchwords: McGough, 40-Love, Love, Style 1. Presentation It is notable that in an assortment of artistic kinds, the type of verse has been focused on most. Endeavors have been applied on the handy mix of mood and structure to make various incredible works everywhere throughout the world. Current American writer E. E. Cummings (1884-1962) is a decent a valid example. He is celebrated for odd style, novel and one of a kind structure in the idyllic world. His â€Å"l (a† has been viewed as the â€Å"the generally rich and excellent structure of the writing made by Cummings†. (Kennedy, 1980). Along these lines, his sonnets are prestigious as â€Å"poem picture† or â€Å"visual poetry†, or the solid verse that we are very acquainted with. Its highlights is that striking visual pictures of words originating from unpredictable syllables, letters, accentuation, linguistic structure, arrangement and print fortify the inward creative mind of verse, develop the masterful origination, pass on and improve the undertone. (Abrams, 2005). Incidentally, other than E. E. Cummings, contemporary British artist Roger McGough (1937-) is another ace recorded as a hard copy solid sonnets. His 40-Love can be considered as one of the best solid sonnets. McGough is the second of the three in Liverpool Group. The other two are Henry Adrian Henri and Patan Brian Patten. McGough, conceived in 1937, 5 years more youthful than Henry, is consistently in underhanded mindset. His sonnets are brimming with mainstream fun and show increasingly significant life from the point of view of a youngster. This article, from the perspective of stylistics, breaks down the highlights of structure, words, phonology, grammar and talk in the sonnet of â€Å"40-Love† so as to increase an eeper comprehension of this sonnet. 2. Complex Analysis Greek artist Simonides once stated, â€Å"Poetry is the image with sound while the photos are the quiet sonnets. † (Zhu, 2005). In other words, the substance of a sonnet must be joined with its structure to accomplish its flawless ness, to be specific, the mix of structure and soul, what we regularly esteem. Here we will attempt to discover how Mcgough do it in his â€Å"40-Love†. The sonnet tells that a moderately aged couple is playing tennis. At that point they return home. Be that as it may, the net is still between them. It mirrors the hole between moderately aged couples. I will cite the sonnet here to assist with clarifying my supposition. 40-Love (Peng, 2000) center couple tenwhen game and go the 118 matured playing nis the finishes they home net Asian Social Science will be tween 2. 1 Structure despite everything be †them June, 2009 overall, the sonnet has an aggregate of 20 words. Be that as it may, the two words â€Å"tennis† and â€Å"between† are isolated by hyphens to be symmetric in structure. The words in the sonnet are set in two arrangements, similar to different sides of the couple. The center clear or void resembles a net to isolate the two. There are just two words in each line to represent the episodes of the ball. The title of 40-love, the highest point of the net, is directly on the highest point of the sonnet, connoting the scoreboard. This sonnet seems as though a tennis court with a net being utilized to isolate the words. It resembles a tennis match-up. This side serves and the opposite side hits back. Numerous sessions structure the sonnet. The undetectable net resembles the obstruction between the moderately aged couple. Regardless of whether they finish the tennis match-up, they despite everything have the net, which despite everything exists imperceptibly. In any case, it is this net they can rely upon to deal with their marriage and have the obligations not to defy the guidelines. There is a net in tennis and there are rules to comply. With the net, there are more trouble and more interests. Thus, in like manner, all the more preparing and consideration is an unquestionable requirement. Envisioning that, when playing tennis with no net or rules, individuals would feel hard to last their games for longer period. Likewise, just the letter of â€Å"L† of â€Å"Love† in the title is promoted and the rest is de-promoted, which demonstrates that, somewhat, the couple has not been in the quest for the ideal subtleties once more, since adoration between the moderately aged couple has blurred away. Besides, there is no accentuation in the entire sonnet, showing that life of marriage is shut and uninteresting. Since there is no closure, hole shows up. 2. 2 Words The artist gives uncommon consideration to the words in the sonnet. Above all else, the title â€Å"40-Love† one of interests epitomized in the sonnet. The figure of 40 represents the period of moderately aged individuals. What's more, 40-Love is a scoring term in tennis. Tennis scoring is love, 15, 30 and 45 in grouping. Love here methods zero. Three objectives scores 40. No objectives, no score. Consequently, the title is of play on words with two implications. One alludes to be 40-year-old love and the other is 3:0. Regardless of whether 40-year-old love is vain or not relies upon mentalities of the two gatherings. Let come to two expressions of â€Å"middle† and â€Å"aged† in the primary line. â€Å"Middle-aged† implies individuals are in their midlife. The writer purposely isolates it to accomplish the reunification of structure and others. It additionally represents that moderately aged a couple can not be coordinated once more. The two significant expressions of â€Å"tennis† and â€Å"between† are set in two vertical sections to get an allegorical implying that there is an imperceptible net in the passionate universe of the man and the lady. They are not close any more. Game† in the fifth line can be alluded as either play game or game. The scoring in tennis rivalry is progressively perplexing. Tennis match-up has games and sets. In a game, the individuals who win 15, 30 and 45 will get one point. What's more, the player who gets 6 focuses will win one set. In the sonnet, the couple doesn't complete even one game and return home since they have a profound antagonism. â€Å"Still† in the ninth line shows that the moderately aged a couple have indescribable anguish and can not dispose of their disagreeableness and increase loose however they make concessions beyond what many would consider possible. 2. Phonology Words in the sonnet are fundamentally monosyllabic. They are mechanical and exhausting to peruse and simple to recommend that the life of the couple is dull and absence of enhancements. From the point of view of phonology, the short vowel, for example,/I/, is utilized for commonly in the sonnet to leave the squeezing impression to the perusers to understand the dire passionate emergency of the moderately aged couple. Be that as it may, there is gradualness in the earnestness. The diphthong/ei/and/u/are utilized to hinder the discourse rate and exhibit that the moderately aged individuals have become quiet and unhu rried when managing things. Particularly, the long vowel/I:/in â€Å"tween† in the last line allows for the moderately aged couple in emergency to thoroughly consider the issue. Likewise, there are rhymes in the sonnet, for example, center and couple, ten and when, game and they, proceed to home, will and still. Rhymes here give the perusers fatigue, and represent the dull existence of the moderately aged couple. In addition, the similar sounding word usages of be and be-, tween and them, make the two words close and suggest that the moderately aged a couple despite everything have the ties that can not be cut off in spite of the fact that there is a hole between them. 2. Linguistic structure For the comfort of examination, I adjust the request for the entire sonnet: moderately aged couple playing ten-nis when the game finishes and they return home the net will in any case be-tween them. As a matter of first importance, from the edge of tense, the plain and level current state, utilized from the earliest starting point to the correct finish of the sonnet, shows the dull or trite marriage life of the moderately aged couple. All things considered, â€Å"playing† is utilized eccentrically. In the event that â€Å"plays† is utilized here, perusers will realize that the couple play tennis frequently as opposed to sometimes. There will be very little hole between them. Playing† demonstrates that there is nonappearance of customary correspondence between the couple. It focuses on that it is exactly as of now that they are playing tennis. In sentence structure, there is a period intensifier â€Å"when† to consolidate the sentence. Obviously, be that as it may, there is no combination of â€Å"and† between the fundamental condition and the subordinate proviso. Consequently â€Å"and† is added here to purposely make a free state, proposing that there is no nearby contact between the couple. Also, there should be an adversative combination of â€Å"bu t† before the following sentence â€Å"the net will even now be-tween them†. As we 119 Vol. 5, No. 6 Asian Social Science all know, an adversative combination word normally give individuals a sudden, rising and falling impression. The word â€Å"but† is excluded here to definitely infer that life of the moderately aged couple is not, at this point loaded with good and bad times, incredible bliss or trouble. 2. 5 saying Poets regularly use saying in light of the fact that, as Emily Dickinson once stated, the strategic an artist is to â€Å"speak reality, yet to place it in a verifiable way† so as to seize the readers’ intrigue and invigorate their creative mind. In the sonnet of â€Å"40-love†, the writer utilizes the saying, e. g. representation. From one perspective, in structure, the clear along the net resembles a net to propose the hole between the moderately aged couple. Then again, regular day to day existence resembles messing around. Everyone hit the ball to the others. Such standard game outcomes in no energy finally. In addition, as I would like to think, the composing strategy of modest representation of the truth is utilized in this sonnet. The tone of the entire sonnet is quiet, with no fluctuating. Notwithstanding, it is the purposeful modest representation of the truth that uncovers the topic of the sonnet sharply and strikingly. . End This sonnet composed by McGouph with one of a kind style has rich undertone in its remarkable structure. In this sonnet with ideal blend of the soul and structure, the passionate ga

Always Do Your Best Writing Paper at a Glance

Always Do Your Best Writing Paper at a Glance It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you wish to prevent low superior services. At our essay support, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. Otherwise, you might wind up filling your essay with unnecessary info. Individuals's essays should have the ability to permit you to develop and build on your very own own essay-writing style. With us, you might get an essay, research paper or another work. Life and many papers tell. Unanswered Concerns About Paper you will need to Read About that you may Write Online if you're prepared to protect essay, you could expect a distinctive and superior paper! Always Do Your Best Writing Paper - the Story Since it's a basic requirement that has to be present in your PDF converter. The software to make pdf files from Adobe is extremely expensive costing a couple of hundred dollars. Hence, there's a need of an efficient PDF converter program. In truth, it is a tool which you are able to refer to as the ideal PDF to Tiff converter according to your preferences feature-wise. In addition, it's also among the very best PDF Converters that may convert files into other formats and vice versa. Small PDF is an internet tool that enables you to convert PDF documents easily. PDF files also bring down the file dimensions and render it simple to navigate. They are easy to archive as compared to the paper based files. The True Meaning of Always Do Your Best Writing Paper It's also hard to use and you must become acquainted with its myriad instruments and features. There are an assortment of PDF converter tools offered in the industry. Another feature of a great converter is that it is going to support multi-language conversions. In order to pick the ideal PDF Professional software, you are going to have to experience the characteristics of all fantastic software readily available in the industry. Over the past couple of decades, eBook readers have become among the most common electronic devices sold online. If you're reading out of a conventional book, on occasion the page is just too bright to read, and you understand that you can't read a laptop screen outside. Thus, you need another means to convert your documents. The Always Do Your Best Writing Paper Game The very first feature to be on the watch for in a perfect PDF reader is its magnification and reading choices. Finding out how to create a pdf document is among the most significant skills you must learn when you get started marketing online. There are many options around when it regards an easy PDF reader. For your day-to-day work, it's really a financial option in comparison to the Adobe Acrobat. If you own a document like Word you may use a complimentary pdf on-line conversion service like Pdf Online. Furthermore, the eBooks can be kept in the library which may be read later on. At the moment, there's a wide range of the ebook format. So, both formats have various uses. It's helpful for a writer to use all the resources it is possible to share. Say that writers who're looking. Anyone may be good writer. In addition, you might choose the many writer that's acceptable record. The Chronicles of Always Do Your Best Writing Paper The upcoming important issue to notice is the conversion quality. Once you're prepared to make the order, finish a on-line type. One of the greatest ways to earn money online is via selling digital goods, specifically pdf format e-books. There was an issue filtering reviews at the moment. The PDF reader should not include a cluttered interface and have to be user-friendly. Following that, it is going to appear in your document. A PDF file is fundamentally a snap shot of a text instead of exactly a text. Your selected file is going to be converted to word with no additional work. After you get a thorough understanding of the way to compose any type of paper, you will spend less time on crafting it. If you've got the question that's exact use the ideal paper writing solution today only at! If, for example, you must convert the full document or certain elements of it, it may pose a problem. Just beginning the procedure for writing can jump-start the creative approach.

Introduction to the GDP Deflator

Tobacco And Its Effect On The Nervous System - 1022 Words

Tobacco is simply an agricultural crop, which is used abundantly in making cigarettes. It is a green plant that is commonly found in warm climates, and it was first grown in 1612 in Virginia as a â€Å"profit crop† for them. Tobacco was used a cash crop for the Virginians, and thats were the origins of such an industry can be accredited to. Since then, Virginia’s economy as well agriculture has been heavily influenced by tobacco. Nicotine is the main ingredient in tobacco, which is found in more than 4,000 chemicals in various drugs. Nicotine is known to be addictive, and our body will keep wanting more once it enters our bloodstream. Tobacco itself is not the drug, but rather the nicotine. Since nicotine is a stimulant, it has a major†¦show more content†¦Recently in our own society, CVS has stopped all sales of tobacco in their stores and started to offer quit-smoking programs. They also recently changed the company’s name to CVS Health as another meas ure to insure that they were serious about the health of our society, and right by their side are advocates from the White house. Although their position on this issue is important, it is not welcoming to many. For example, according to the CDC, every day in the U.S. about 4,000 teens smoke their first cigarette, and yet the government has not implemented a law that ban’s cigarettes from minors. So in turn, it is completely legal for teens, and minors, to smoke cigarettes. The irony is that you cant purchase them from CVS before without an ID. So if you ever see a teen steal a cigar from someone and he/she smokes it, the real reason why the cops would sanction him/her is due to theft of the cigar, not because he/she smoke it. Walgreens and Rite Aid, on the other hand, has not followed CVS and are continuing to sell tobacco without future plans of stopping. The companies both agreed on the fact that people should have a choice and halting the sale of tobacco will have little, or no effect at all on society. Many people disagree, including me, with there reasoning because $72 billion is generated by Walgreens and $25.5 billion is generated by Rite Aid in tobacco sales alone. Cutting tobacco sales altogether will

Marketing Strategies For Cheese Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategies For Cheese. Answer: Introduction Marketinga product is the ultimate tool that is used by every organisation or industry uses to promote their products and make sure that the sales of the same is maximized. Marketing ensures that a product is given enough exposure in the market and that the customers know about it in depth so as to they can make the decision to opt for the product only after they can themselves compare the product with other similar ones that are already available in the market (Huang and Sarigll 2014). Without a proper marketing strategy and a clear idea about the goals of the organisation or how the product is going to benefit the customers, organisations cannot hope to achieve success. This is even more true for products that are being introduced in a market that already has a lot of similar products available for the customers. In these cases, innovation is given high priority and extensivemarketing strategies are adopted to help the customers understand how are they going to be benefitted from t he new product and what is the new product going to be offering them that they will not from the other products which are available in the market at the moment (Armstrong et al. 2015). This following report will be looking into the marketing strategies that are being adopted prior to launching the product into the market, a brief idea about the product and what are going to be the marketing mix of the product. About the product Cheese is one of the heaviest consumed dairy products in Australia. The demand for cheese does not only not fall but also experiences massive growth at a steady rate. Cheese retail sale has increased in the recent years. Cheese consumption has been observed to be around 13.5 kg per person in the country (Hutchinson 2016). Despite the high demand for better quality cheese, the less production of milk has caused the cheese production to falter as well. Despite high production in recent years, the amount is still lower than the 2000s (Bublitz and Peracchio 2015). Cheese is not only one of the highest consumed dairy products in Australia, but also across the world. The product is a high source of essential nutrients including calcium, zinc, protein, magnesium, vitamins A, B2 and B12. There are over three hundred different types of cheese available across the planet. However, recently growing health concerns among the citizens have been one of the causes for the slump in cheese production due to the fact that cheese is also a high source of calories and fat (Meurer, Palmer and Gras 2015). The product market and the receptiveness of the customers Cheese is a major ingredient in the dairy industry of Australia and has sales of approximately around 260,000 tonnes within the domestic market of the country. The overall market values about A$ 1.85 billion. Export sales are almost at par with the domestic production. Almost half of the cheese that is sold in the domestic market of the country is done so through supermarkets. Over the last five years, the cheese industry has suffered many challenges including export import regulation changes, prices in the markets where cheese is exported and mostly a domestic currency that has not been very stable in recent times. Given the fact Australia is one of most prominent competitors in the global dairy industry, the export market price fluctuations have affected the domestic production in an adverse way (Harris 2016). This has caused the country to import significant amounts of cheese from abroad in recent times than it did ten years ago. A large portion of the countrys cheese import comes from neighbouring New Zealand. A marked shift has been noticed as more and more Australians are shifting from traditional cheese to a more boutique oriented consumption. Local cheesemakers claim that the imports have been harming the countrys own cheese production and indulgent import regulations are making the competition to be unfair for the Australian cheesemakers. Cheese b outiques who target the high end and more expensive client market say that the demand for cheese from abroad are hampering their own sales and in turn affecting the overall production that again is resulting in the country ending up to import more cheese. This chain of events is not easily to be mitigated (Harris 2016). However, it is not every product of every manufacturer does well in the market. All the flavours and different cheese have appeal to certain segments of the customer population and people buy according to their preferences. This is exactly where the market has to be exploited: to make cheese locally that enhances the demand for the product (Moir and McCarthy 2014). Marketing strategies In order to retain the cheese market both in the domestic and international markets, the cheese makers of Australia have to adopt marketing strategies that would help the sector to be revitalized and keep the demands high. The upper scale cheese shops and makers all have to overhaul their strategies to ensure more customers come to buy their cheese. In order to achieve this, they must ensure better services and products as the locals can just buy their cheese from the local grocers and not go to the supermarkets at all (Hutchinson 2016). This has to be changed as soon as possible. Marketing mix: This is the most important tool that the cheese market can use to advance their purpose of getting the demand for cheese higher within the dairy industry of Australia. While in case of a product being sold and not a service, this tool set normally advocates the use of 4Ps, the cheese market has to employ all the seven aspects of the tool set because they believe what they would be selling are is not only going to be a mere product but also a service as they would be satisfying the core factor of any business: the people and their satisfaction level must be of paramount priority (Westwood 2016). Product: This aspect of the marketing mix provides the producer with the necessary ideas about how to enhance the quality of their product and how may the image of the product be solidified in the market. It also gives insights about how can extra features be added to the product so that it stands out in the market and not be confused with any other product (Huang and Sarigll 2014). This helps the customers to understand what are the extra things that the product will offer them which will not be found in any other product that are available in the market at the moment. Information about the product, its customer services and how it aims to act upon receiving grievances from the customers is a vital way of ensuring maximum customer curiosity about a product that would make them at least try the product once after it is launched into the market before discarding it completely. The industry must also be able to innovate on their products and how to sale them if it wishes to thrive in t he market with so many competitors both within Australia and in the international levels. Promotion: Promoting a product is very important since without the knowledge about the availability or existence if a product in the market, customers would also be deprived of buying and enjoying the product (Mintz and Currim 2013). A good way to promote the locally made cheese would be if the cheese makers can team up with cooking schools, restaurants and wineries. Many of these institutions can avail locally made cheese to experiment with and promote their own wines or food using the cheese as in ingredient or as a complementary component to their own product. This would ensure more people being exposed to the cheese and some of the customers are bound to find some of the cheese flavours and taste to be interesting. This would make them want to try out more cheese and that would mean more people would be going to buy the products and the cheese sales would be benefited (Perreault, Cannon and McCarthy 2013). Price: This is a very tricky thing that has to be decided upon in a very clever way. People may reject a product as too costly and deeming it unaffordable, while also turn their faces from a relatively cheap product as they look at it as being untrustworthy (Baker 2014). However, the cheese market of the country is highly competitive and hence cannot afford to price the product too highly as it would only make customers grow averse and this would ultimately result in more cheese imports, which would not change the current scenario at all. Place: Picking the right place for promoting and marketing the product has to be done carefully so that many people can come to know of the product easily. Using traditional promotional options like the television or radio still promises to reach a lot of people. Many people still prefer to read newspapers overs watching news on the TV (Bhardwaj and Maharshi 2014). A great place to promote the cheese would be supermarkets and open market places, where people can be given samples of the new cheese as well as other popular ones. This is a clever marketing strategy to attract more people. If some people like the taste or the flavour, cheese sales are almost guaranteed to increase. Another good place to promote the cheese would be the cooking schools where the ingredients may be advertised and promoted so that the students know what products are being used for their culinary courses and this would make them buy the products for themselves (Hutchinson 2016). Also, social media can be a ve ry useful tool when trying to reach the younger generation (Soni and Vohra 2014). Social media can help the cheese makers to promote their products online and one of the biggest advantages of this would be the exposure to the younger generation of the country. Spreading knowledge about the cheese traditions of the country is sure to make people aware of the products that are available in the local market that is produced by the local dairy farms. This knowledge would enable young customers to opt for the cheese that is made locally as that tends to be cheaper than imported cheese. People: People are the central for any organisation or industry. The prime target of the cheese industry are the customers and they have to be made to understand about the product that are available in the local market, how are they produced and what are the benefits. One of the most important knowledge that has to be given to the customers is the information regarding the specialty of the cheese that is produced in the country domestically and how are they different from the imported products. A sense of tradition has to be spread to make them understand that the local product cannot be let to perish. Physical evidence: Being able to give the customers a physical evidence of their product in a good way is another great way to ensure more customer attention. The best way to do this is by making the packaging of the products to be more attractive. This would make more people attracted to the product and sales would also be benefited. Better and impressive packaging helps (Moir and McCarthy 2014). Conclusion From the above discussion, a conceivable and tangible marketing strategy for the cheese market is sure to help the sector regain its lost ground and make sure the sales better than in the recent times. The current strategies of the market seem to be best suited for the purposes of the industry and would be sufficient to establish the company as one of the biggest players in the market. The cheese market of Australia still has a long way to go and many obstacles, both domestic and international, has to be overcome in order to maintain the prominent presence of the country in the global dairy industry. The domestic producers also have to be helped by the law makers of the country to ensure their safety against the foreign imports and they have to be given some benefits over the international cheesemakers, if they are expected to sustain in the industry that has such a high and intense level of competition. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Bublitz, M.G. and Peracchio, L.A., 2015. Applying industry practices to promote healthy foods: An exploration of positive marketing outcomes.Journal of Business Research,68(12), pp.2484-2493. Harris, D., 2016. Policy Design and Industry Development Plans: Dairy Industry Experiences in Asia and Australia. InCRUCIAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY: Analysis of Key Threats to Food Security(pp. 235-271). Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Hutchinson, N., 2016. Batten down the hatches: The dairy industry in crisis?.Geodate,29(3), p.17. Meurer, B., Palmer, M. and Gras, S., 2015. Innovation hub fuels growth of Australia's dairy industry.Food Australia,67(4), p.42. Moir, B. and McCarthy, O., 2014. Foreign investment in the Australian dairy industry.Agricultural Commodities,4(3), p.21. Perreault Jr, W., Cannon, J. and McCarthy, E.J., 2013.Basic marketing. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Van Caenegem, W. and Taylor, M.E., 2017. Real deal or no deal? A comparative analysis of raw milk cheese regulation in Australia and France.International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, (1). Westwood, J., 2016.How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers.

Poetry Explictation Essays - Dudley Randall,

When reading a work of poetry, it is very possible for each reader to grasp the poem?s concept in a different way. Many poetry works have more than one meaning they can be described as or have an underlying meaning that some readers may not understand. In order to fully understand a poem a reader should break down and explicate the poem. Two poems that a reader may have to do this with are Dudley Randall?s ?Ballad of Birmingham? and Raymond L. Patterson?s ?Birmingham?. In Dudley Randall?s ?Ballad of Birmingham? the reader is introduced to a young child. During this time where there was a lot of racism, this young black child wanted to go march for her rights, however her mother was very firm on her choice not to let her go. One of the themes in the poem is lost innocence. Lines 1-4 state

Become a Paid Expert by Writing Op-Eds

Become a Paid Expert Have you ever watched a story on the news and thought to yourself, I wish theyd asked me about that. I could have really told them a thing or two? Most of us are experts on something, and if were writers, most of us end up writing about what we know. We can create a positive feedback loop For instance, I was the first person to write a  book about the Upstairs Lounge fire, a terrible arson which killed 32 people at a gay bar in the French Quarter of New Orleans on Gay Pride Day in 1973. Each year, on the anniversary of the fire, newspapers and websites are interested in covering the tragedy. As an expert, I am often approached Likewise, a news story recently began making the rounds about a twelve-year-old girl who spoke in a Mormon church and revealed she was a lesbian, the bishop cutting off her microphone in the middle of her talk. As most of my fiction deals with gay Mormons, I was again an expert who had something meaningful to say on the incident. I submitted an op-ed to a newspaper in a heavily Mormon area, and my views on the importance of LGBTQ literature as a means of understanding our LGBTQ family, friends, and neighbors was published. Do you have a personal, compelling story about our broken healthcare system and why we need single-payer or some more conservative reform? Do you have a story about domestic violence? Our education system? Immigration? Has your home suffered damage in a fracking-related earthquake? Do you have a personal story involving gun violence that allows you to speak either for or against gun regulation? You do not need a PhD in order to be an expert on at least a tiny part of a major subject that newspapers want to hear about. Only a handful of newspapers pay for op-eds (Newsday, The New York Times, Boston Globe, and The Washington Post are a few), so you wont make a great deal of money writing and selling these pieces. But most papers who do publish your editorial or commentary will ask if you want to put the piece on the wire, meaning other newspapers across the country can pick it up and print it as well. You will get no additional income from this, but it does get you more exposure. Thats a bad word in the publishing industry because it basically means writing for free, but if you do your research and only write for those papers which will in fact pay you for first publication rights, then you get the money and the exposure. Publishing op-eds builds your reputation as an expert on the subjects important to you, and they build your resumà © as well. You will have a more impressive list of publications to add to your author

Martin Luther King's speech 'I see the promised land' discuss the Essay

Martin Luther King's speech 'I see the promised land' discuss the impact of rhetoric in political communication - Essay Example The art of rhetoric in communication has been a powerful tool used by people to acquire their goal. History has many famous examples where rhetoric has been used in communication by leaders and activists in the struggle to attain success in a political or social cause. The most famous example is of Martin Luther King whose speeches and writings were rhetorical. He is said to have had excellent powers of oration. Through his powers of verbal, oral and written communication, he was successful in attaining civil rights for his people living in America and who were the citizens of America. Thus, he introduced a society free from color and racial differences where each and every citizen was respected and had equal civil rights. Understanding the Correct Meaning of Rhetoric Rhetoric has many definitions. Along with a positive meaning, the term is sometimes also taken in a negative sense in the current era. Shortly and precisely, it is a â€Å"skill in the effective use of speech.† ( Merriam Webster). In cases where rhetoric is being used to communicate insincerely with the presence of false exaggeration and promises and there is a lot of diplomacy, the negative meaning becomes prevalent which is the â€Å"insincere and grandiloquent mode of language or speech.† (Merriam Webster). Here, the positive and actual meaning of rhetoric is being considered. According to Burton, rhetoric is â€Å"the study of effective speaking and writing, and the art of influencing.† (2011). In his short article, ‘What is rhetoric?’, Burton says that the word has had a variety of meanings. He says that rhetoric focuses on the how of the language, the methods and means of communication rather than the content of what is being communicated. It studies the emotional impact of language and its effectiveness. It breaks communication into content and form. (2011). Relation between Communication Models and Rhetoric McQuail and Windhl (1993) wrote a book titled â₠¬Å"Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications† in which they gave the main communication ideas or models for the mass communication procedures and vital concepts pertinent throughout graphical and oral concepts and models. Topics that they discuss under the communication models include: 1. Global or International or Cross-border Communications. 2. Procedures of Mass Media and its influence on the Individuals Culture and Society. 3. Premeditated Communication. 4. Audience-Centered Models. 5. New Media and the Information Society. (Holborn Books Review, 2010). Communication models tell us how effective communication should be carried out. Hence, the study of use rhetoric in language can be associated with them. Such models describe how an audience can be effectively conveyed a message so that there can be a social or political (or any other change) through mass correspondence and support. Taking an example of a communication model which is called â€Å"two- way a symmetric model†, this model is also called the persuasion model. In this model, there is two- way communication between the speaker and the public. In this way, the speaker understands the public he is addressing by getting their feedback on issues and then can plan a way to convey his message to receive a positive response keeping in mind what the public wants. (McQuail and Windhl, 1993). Use of behavioral and social sciences helped in the development of this model. Scientific study of human mind and psychology and its application in effective communi

International relation policies and climate change Research Paper

International relation policies and climate change - Research Paper Example The paper "International relation policies and climate change" concerns international relation policies and climate change. The department further warned that the situation is likely to worsen in the years to come, if not attended to immediately. The figures also show a decline in the level of emissions in developed economies such as United States and Russia. This decline apparently is a reflection of economic weakness, environmental consciousness (e.g. use of renewable power sources), and transfer of manufacturing industries to developing countries. Unfortunately, the decline in the industrial emissions from the advanced economies significantly falls below the increasing rate of emissions in the developing countries, which care less for their contribution to the global warming. Low-income countries whose low-income population heavily depends on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal increasingly pollutes the environment. Emissions from low-income countries alone accounts for about 80% of the greenhouse gases. Since 1945, the United Nations has been on the fore-front fighting for the restoration and conservation of the global environment. The UN has organized for a number of conferences focusing on climate change. The fifteenth conference was held in December 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Like the earlier conferences, the 15th Climate Change Conference failed to produce desirable, legally binding and equitable agreements. Though the conference discussed ways of reducing ambitious emissions., technological advancements to the problem, and methods of financing the policies, it was in vain. In the end, The Copenhagen Accord was neither a comprehensive framework which demands effective, responsible participation from all the leading stakeholders (governments, financial institutions, and the civil society groups) nor was it a collective effort aimed at combating climate crisis in a more integrated manner. The CoP15 (The 15th Conference of the Parties) to the United Nati ons Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was therefore described as a failed policy as no binding agreement was arrived at. The aim objective of the conference was to discuss and propose polices which would be essential in keeping the average world temperature rise slightly below 2oC. Partisanship and self-interest resulted into two groups of the UNFCCC: Annex I and Non-Annex I countries which represented different interests. Annex I was composed of the 40 industrialized and transitional countries non-Annex I countries was made up of developing economies (Mazo 245). As claimed by members of the non-Annex I, a twenty six â€Å"representative group of leaders† from Annex I developed the Accord in their favor through un-transparent, restrictive, and top-down had developed the policies aimed at conserving the environment with little consideration to the minor countries. The â€Å"bottom-up pledge and review† approach to reducing global emission as described in t he Accord was perceived as unpractical and unfair mechanism of reducing reaching the desired goal of less than 2 percent annual increase in global temperature. So far, the ledges made under the Accord falls short of the delegates and representative call of ‘ambitious’

Three Symbols in the Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

Three Symbols in the Great Gatsby Essay â€Å"The Great Gatsby† to criticise America from straying from the â€Å"American Dream†. Typically the American society tries to follow the American Dream, which is a dream of a society that allows everyone, no matter what economic class they were born into, to be able to accomplish whatever they want with hard work. With this principle no matter their social class Americans should be able to accomplish anything. Fitzgerald thought that the American society wasn’t following the American dream; he successfully used symbols to criticize different aspects of American society, showing the weakness of each deviation from the American Dream. Many symbols were used, but the three most significant symbols were: the â€Å"green light†, the godliness of the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg and the sadness of the â€Å"Valley of Ashes†. Each symbol played a key role in Fitzgerald’s criticism. How did these symbols play a key role in Fitzgerald’s criticism of the American society that doesn’t follow the American Dream? The first of the three symbols, the green light, was a powerful tool in which Fitzgerald used to criticise the loss of the American Dream from the American society. The green light was important because it represented the endless â€Å"hope† of which the American Dream promises. The hope for a desire should never be lost if the American Dream is followed correctly; Fitzgerald showed that this isn’t always true in the American society by showing that Gatsby’s hope fades away when he realizes because of class distinction he will never be able to marry Daisy. Fitzgerald emphasizes this though Nick Caraway, his narrator, who observes: -â€Å"Possibly it had occurred to him that the colossal significance of that light had now vanished forever. † (The Great Gatsby, pg. 125) Fitzgerald used Nick to show as Gatsby begins to realize that Daisy will never leave Tom and go with him, that the green light slowly begins to fade and symbolically so does his hope, his hope was what kept him going and now it was gone he had nothing to live for. When Gatsby’s hope dies does his will to live dies also. Gatsby realizes that because he wasn’t born in the upper class he wouldn’t be able to accomplish his dream. A green light means go, but in this case Gatsby has had to stop, thus stoping his hope and his American Dream. Fitzgerald is then able to symbolise how the American Dream has â€Å"stoped† in the American society. How did this play a key role in the criticism of the American society? It allowed the reader to see that even though some Americans work their hardest for something they were still not able to accomplish their dream because of the class they were born into, this completely goes against the American dream thus allowing Fitzgerald to criticise the American society on this aspect of the American society. The eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg symbolizing God’s eyes watching over the people played a key role in the criticism of the American society because the reader was able to view the actions of various characters as being contrary to what God would agree with. Fitzgerald could then use the reader’s dislikes of the behaviour of the characters to inturn dislike the society. The readers disliking the society allowed Fitzgerald to criticise the American society more effectively. In order for a successful criticism the reader needs to agree with the criticism. If a reader sides with the group that is being criticised they probably won’t agree with the criticism, but with Fitzgerald using the eyes of Dr. T. J Eckleburg he was able to make the reader dislike the society, and in turn the reader wouldn’t want to side with them. The symbolism of the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg was made clearer to the reader when Michales looked to the billboard in the following quote: -â€Å"Standing behind him, Michales saw with a shock that he was looking into the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg. †( The Great Gatsby, pg. 152 ) Michales realizing the symbolism of the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg allowed the reader to realize this symbolism too. The reader than could decide that some actions of some characters were immoral. Fitzgerald went on to write that the sign was faded. This symbolized that god was leaving the hearts of the people allowing the reader to find more fault in the American society. Why were the eyes of Dr. T. J Eckleburg one of the most important symbols in the criticism of the American dream? For Fitzgerald to show that the society was doing things against God’s will, depicts that what they are doing is very immoral. A religious reader will probably want to side with what God judges so they would also think that some characters in the American society were immoral. The reader would then be more against the American society allowing Fitzgerald to better criticise it because the reader won’t be trying to defend it if they were against it. The American Dream allows all Americans the same opportunities for self improvement. The Valley of Ashes was a key force in the criticism of the American Dream because it was used in two literary devices of setting and symbolism. Fitzgerald by establishing the setting in the Valley of Ashes allowed the reader to better relate to the working class because they could see a very detailed picture of the daily life of the working class. The Valley of Ashes depicts the working class as not getting the same opportunities as the upper class for self improve. The working class will probably stay in the working class forever and so will their children. Fitzgerald tells this with the use of his narrator Nick Caraway’s description of the Valley of Ashes -â€Å"But above the gray land and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The Great Gatsby pg. 26) The bleak dust that â€Å"endlessly covers† the land symbolizes how the working class lives are static, non-changing. Fitzgerald by showing the poor conditions of the working class makes the reader feel pity for the working class, causing the reader to be against that aspect of American society that puts the lower class into poverty. The idea of someone not being able to accomplish something just because of the circumstances of which they were born shows the corruption of the American society. How was the Valley of Ashes one of the most important symbols for Fitzgerald to use in the criticism of the American society that follows the American dream? The Valley of Ashes showing the poor qualities of the working class makes readers realize that some Americans aren’t able to accomplish their dreams because of circumstances from when they were born goes against the principles of the American Dream. Fitzgerald was better able to criticize the American dream with the use of three symbols. His symbols allowed the reader to, better relate to his writing, use prior knowledge to help in the understanding of his criticism, have a visual picture of the working class, and realize the flaws of some characters in a religious sense. The green light played one of the most important roles because without out it the reader wouldn’t have realized that people in the American society that do try to follow the American dream and work their hardest sometimes aren’t able to accomplish their dream thus showing that America isn’t following the American Dream. The seconded of the most important symbols was the Valley of Ashes, without the valley of ashes the reader wouldn’t have realized that sometime a person isn’t able to accomplish something because of the status of which they were born. The last most important symbol used was the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg with this symbol Fitzgerald was able to move the reader against the actions of the American society because he showed that god was against the actions, if the reader was against the actions than Fitzgerald could criticise the actions of the American society more effectively because the reader would agree more with what he was saying. Without the above three symbols playing their key role in the criticism of the American society, Fitzgerald’s criticism of the American society not following the American dream wouldn’t have been as greatly done.

Antonio Vivaldi :: essays research papers fc

Antonio Vivaldi was born on March 4th, 1678, in Venice, Italy, and died on July 28, 1741, in Vienna, Austria. His father, a barber and a talented violinist at Saint Mark's Cathedral himself, had helped him in trying a career in music and made him enter the Cappella di San Marco orchestra, where he was an appreciated violinist. In 1703 Vivaldi became a priest and acquired the nickname "The Red Priest", since he had red hair. He had become a priest against his own will because it was the only possible way for his poor family to obtain free schooling. In 1704 he was pardoned from celebrating the Holy Mass because of his ill health, and later became a violin teacher at an orphanage for girls called Ospedale della Pietà   in Venice. The orphans soon started to gain appreciation and esteem as Vivaldi wrote most of his concertos, cantate and sacred music for them. In 1705 the first collection of his works was published. He was a prolific composer and is most well known for composing over 500 concertos, 46 Operas, sinfonias, 73 sonatas, chamber music, and sacred music. His most famous work is said to be the Four Seasons. Vivaldi's music is particularly innovative as he gave brightness to the formal and the rhythmic structure of concertos. He repeatedly looked for harmonic contrasts, creating innovative melodies and themes. Vivaldi’ main goal was to create a musical piece meant to be appreciated by the wide public, and not only by an intellectual minority. The joyful appearance of his music reveals a transmittable joy of composing. These are among the causes of the vast popularity of his music. This popularity soon made him famous also in countries like France, at the time very closed into its national schemes. He is considered one of the authors that brought Baroque music to evolve into an impressionist style. The Four Seasons composed by Vivaldi was one of the earliest examples of program music and was also the most famous of all his concertos. Vivaldi wanted to depict the various seasons in the four concerti in Italian. When you listen to the Four Season, you feel as though he has created a whole another atmosphere with its own feelings. He seems to have used only the four major instruments that are usually present in an orchestra, which are the violin, viola, cello and bass, to depict this atmosphere effortlessly.

Proc Report Secreates

PharmaSUG 2012 – Paper TF20-SAS PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software Allison McMahill Booth, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA ABSTRACT Have you ever wondered why a numeric variable is referenced in different forms within a COMPUTE block? Do you know the difference between a DATA step variable and a variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement? Then, this paper is for you! Welcome to PROC REPORT Unwrapped. We are looking at PROC REPORT and uncovering some of the behind-the-scenes details about this classic procedure.We will explore the components associated with PROC REPORT and discover ways to move column headings and change default attributes with styles and CALL DEFINE statements. We will also dig deep into example code and explore the new ability to use multilabel formatting for creating subgroup combinations. So for anyone who has ever written PROC REPORT code, stay tuned. It's PROC REPORT Unwr apped! INTRODUCTION Which popular SAS procedure has features of the PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures and features of the DATA step in a single report-writing tool?It enables you to create a variety of reports including a detail report, which contains a row of data for every input data set observation, or a summary report, which consolidates data so that each row represents multiple input data set observations. Here is another hint: this same procedure provides the ability to create both default and customized summaries, add text and statistics, and create columns of data that do not exist in the input data set. If you guessed PROC REPORT, you are correct!For anyone who has written PROC REPORT code and has wondered what is going on behind the scenes, this is the paper for you. This paper explores some of the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT. We will dig deep into example code as we begin to uncover some of the details of this classic report-writing procedure. As a bonus, you will discover some facts about the REPORT procedure that you might not have known. By the way, the code output in this paper is based on the SAS ® 9. 3 default output destination of HTML. Although most of the paper ontent can also be applied to the LISTING destination, the code that is shown in this paper is intended to be used in an Output Delivery System (ODS) destination, unless otherwise indicated. With that being said†¦are you ready to explore? Welcome to PROC REPORT Unwrapped! EXPLORING THE SECRETS (HOW IT’S MADE) PROC REPORT first began life as a procedure many years ago in SAS ® 6. Since then, it has been gaining popularity as the tool of choice for report writing. Even with such popularity, there are still aspects of the REPORT procedure that can be further explored.In this segment, we will unwrap and explore some of the secrets behind this most popular procedure with a focus on the following components: ? referencing a numeric variable in a COMPUTE blo ck ? exploring the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable ? discovering ways to move column headings ? changing default attributes with styles ? using the CALL DEFINE statement ? exploring the new ability in SAS 9. 3 to use multilabel formatting for creating subgroup combinations Let’s start exploring the secrets! REFERENCING A NUMERIC VARIABLE IN A COMPUTE BLOCKAll numeric variables are referenced the same way, right? Well, that depends on how the numeric variable is defined in the PROC REPORT DEFINE statement. Before we can explore more about the how a numeric variable is defined, we first need to understand some PROC REPORT basics. Then we will explore the many ways a numeric variable 1 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued can be defined in the DEFINE statement and how that definition determines the manner in which the variable is referenced in a COMPUTE bl ock.In the PROC REPORT statement, the input data set is listed using the option DATA= . If the DATA= option is not specified, PROC REPORT will use the last data set that was created in the current SAS session. The input data set contains variables and observations. The variables are categorized as either character or numeric— that is it, character or numeric. PROC REPORT does not use all of the variables from the input data set. Only the input data set variables that are listed in the COLUMN statement or in the BY statement are used.All of the report items, including the variables from the input data set that are listed in the COLUMN statement can be used in a COMPUTE block. Each report item in the COLUMN statement has an associated DEFINE statement. If a DEFINE statement for the report item is not supplied, PROC REPORT will create a default DEFINE statement behind the scenes. If a COLUMN statement is not specified, PROC REPORT will create a COLUMN statement behind the scenes . The COLUMN statement will contain only the variables from the input data set in the order of the data set.DEFINE statements can be supplied without a supplied COLUMN statement. The minimum statements that are needed to run PROC REPORT are a PROC REPORT statement with an input data set and a RUN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will create all the necessary minimum default statements. To see the default statements, add the LIST option in the PROC REPORT statement. The LIST option will produce the basic code, including all of the DEFINE statements, in the SAS log. The NOWD option enables the report to run in the non-windowing mode.Here is an example of PROC REPORT code with the LIST option: proc report data=sashelp. class nowd list; run; The SAS log is shown in Output 1. Output 1. SAS Log Output By default, the DEFINE statement for a numeric input data set variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement will be associated with the SUM statistic. An alias for the SUM statist ic is ANALYSIS. The SUM statistic is the most common statistic that is used in PROC REPORT code. The SUM statistic can be replaced with any valid PROC REPORT statistic such as MIN or MEAN.At BREAK and RBREAK rows, the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic will consolidate automatically based on the associated statistic. When a numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the form of the variable-name. statistic is used. In a COMPUTE block, if a numeric input data set variable name is used without the corresponding statistic (which is the statistic listed in the DEFINE statement), a note might be written to the SAS log. The following code will produce a note in the SAS log: roc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age height weight total; define age / group; define height–weight/ mean; define total / computed; compute total; total=height. mean/weight; endcomp; run; 2 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the S ecrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued In the preceding code, the DEFINE statement for the WEIGHT variable lists MEAN as the statistic. The calculation in the COMPUTE TOTAL block for the TOTAL COMPUTED variable shows the WEIGHT variable without the statistic of MEAN.PROC REPORT requires this statistic and does not recognize the WEIGHT variable. A note, such as the following, is produced in the SAS log: NOTE: Variable weight is uninitialized. PROC REPORT allows duplication of report items in the COLUMN statement. This duplicated report item becomes an alias. When an alias of the numeric input data set variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the alias name is used without the associated statistic. Behind the scenes, any duplication of the same variable or statistic in the COLUMN statement will be associated with an alias name.If an alias name is not specified, PROC REPORT will create one. To see the assigned alias name, add the LIST opt ion to the PROC REPORT statement and review the SAS log for the code. Using the preceding code in this section, the HEIGHT variable is duplicated in the COLUMN statement as follows: col age height height weight total; The resulting SAS log is shown in Output 2. Output 2. SAS Log Output Showing an Alias Name of _A1 Assigned behind the Scenes When the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is associated with an across variable, the column number, in the form of Cn_, is used in a COMPUTE block. In the form of _Cn_, n is the column number. The position of the columns shown in the output report is based on the left-to-right placement of the report-items in the COLUMN statement. For example, if a numeric variable with an associated statistic is placed as the first column under the ACROSS grouping but it is the second column in the output report, _C2_ is the correct value to use in a COMPUTE block. Behind the scenes, all columns are considered to have a column number even if the column is not printed in the final output report.Here is an example COLUMN statement: col sex age, (weight height); In this column statement, the first value of the WEIGHT variable is in the second column in the report. AGE is an across variable and is not counted as a column. The first column of the WEIGHT variable is associated with the first value of AGE and is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C2_. The next column of the WEIGHT variable that is associated with the second value of AGE is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C4_. Each unique value of the across variable becomes a header.Under each ACROSS header are the columns of variables that are associated with each unique across variable value. Each variable associated with an across variable becomes a column under the unique variable value. The number of unique values of an across variable controls the number of columns that are created for a variable associated with the across variable from the COLUMN statement. Beh ind the scenes, PROC REPORT has to know the specific column placement of a variable that is referenced in a COMPUTE block. The _Cn_ is used instead of the variable-name. statistic, the alias name, or the variable name. PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued The following example code shows this concept: proc report nowd data=sashelp. class list; col age sex, (weight height total); define age / group; define sex / across; define height–weight/ sum format=8. 2; define total / computed format=8. 2; compute total; _c4_=_c2_/_c3_; _c7_=_c5_/_c6_; endcomp; run; The COMPUTE TOTAL block shows two assignment statements. Each assignment corresponds to a column of WEIGHT, HEIGHT, and TOTAL for each unique value of the across variable SEX.The resulting output is shown in Output 3. Output 3. Output Using _Cn_ in the COMPUTE TOTAL Calculations A numeric input data set variable can also be defined as DISPLAY , GROUP, ORDER, or COMPUTED. Because there is no statistic associated with these definitions, the numeric input data set variable name is used in a COMPUTE block. Regardless of the definition, the numeric report-item can still be used in any computation. However, for GROUP or ORDER definitions, behind the scenes the values are evaluated from the printed output report instead of the input data.This means that if the ORDER or GROUP defined variable for a particular row and column shows as a blank on the printed output report, a blank is the value that will be used for any computation or evaluation. The following code shows three different methods for assigning the value of the ORDER variable AGE to a COMPUTED variable. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age newage1 newage2 newage3; define age / order; define newage1 / computed; define newage2 / computed; define newage3 / computed; /* method 1 */ compute newage1; newage1=age*1. 5; endcomp; /* method 2 */ ompute newage2; if age n e . then hold_age=age; newage2=hold_age*1. 5; endcomp; /* method 3 */ compute before age; before_age=age; endcomp; compute newage3; newage3=before_age*1. 5; endcomp; run; 4 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued In the first method, the value for NEWAGE1 will contain a value only when AGE has a value for the same row. In the second method, the value of NEWAGE2 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable HOLD_AGE.In the third method, the value of NEWAGE3 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable BEFORE_AGE. The DATA step variable is created in the COMPUTE BEFORE AGE block. Behind the scenes, a DATA step variable changes values only through the code instructions. Also, behind the scenes, GROUP and ORDER numeric input data set variables are internally set to a blank in the printed output report at the RBREAK level. A COMPUTE AFTER block with an assignment statement for a numeric GROUP or ORDER variable at the RBREAK level will be ignored.A DISPLAY is always set to a blank at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. If you are routing the report output to an ODS destination, using a COMPUTE block CALL DEFINE statement with the STYLE attribute name and a style option that will accept text, such as PRETEXT=, is a way to override the blank values. A COLUMN STATEMENT VARIABLE VERSUS A DATA STEP VARIABLE PROC REPORT creates a column type of output report based on the variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statement. Any variable from the input data set that is to be used as a report column or used in a COMPUTE block has to be listed in the COLUMN statement.The placement of the report items, variables, and statistics in the COLUMN statement is very important. PROC REPORT reads and processes the report items from the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right, top-to-bottom direction. Until the rep ort item is processed, it will be initialized to missing for numeric variables and blank for character variables. Once the entire COLUMN statement report-items are processed for a row, PROC REPORT reinitializes all of the report-items back to missing for numeric and blank for character variables.Then PROC REPORT begins the process all over again for the next row of data by processing the report items in the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right direction. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT consolidates all the input data set variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statements for the execution of RBREAK BEFORE and BREAK BEFORE statements. For example, the RBREAK, meaning the report break, in the following code is calculated first: proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col sex age,(height weight); define age / group; define height / min format=8. 2 ‘Height min'; efine weight / max format=8. 2 ‘Weight max'; rbreak before / summarize; run; The output is shown in Output 4. Ou tput 4. PROC REPORT Output Showing the RBREAK Values COMPUTE blocks are also sensitive to the placement of the variables and statistics in the COLUMN statement. As PROC REPORT processes the report-items in a left-to-right direction, any associated COMPUTE blocks are also processed in the same order. This means that in a COMPUTE block that is based on a COLUMN statement reportitem, any referenced variable or statistic to the right of the COMPUTE block variable is missing.Simply put, PROC REPORT does not know about any report-item that is to the right of the COMPUTE block variable in the COLUMN statement. A DATA step variable, also referred to as a temporary variable, is different from the COLUMN statement variable. A DATA step variable is created and used in a COMPUTE block. It is not part of the COLUMN statement. The value of the DATA step variable comes directly from the code in a COMPUTE block. DATA step variables are often used in IF statements when there is a comparison of the c urrent row value to that of the value in the DATA step variable.PROC REPORT recomputes a COMPUTED variable value at every row, including at the BREAK and RBREAK rows. Values are not accumulated. An accumulated value can be calculated quickly using a DATA step variable in a 5 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued COMPUTE block because the value changes through the code only. Behind the scenes, DATA step variables used to accumulate values also include values at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. Adding an IF statement to check the value of the _BREAK_ automatic variable will help control when the accumulations takes place.In the following code, the computed variable TOTAL_AGE is the sum of two variables from the COLUMN statement. ACCUM_AGE is the accumulated value of AGE stored in the DATA step variable TEMP_AGE. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age total_age accum_age height weight; define age / group; define height / min format=8. 2 ‘Height min'; define weight / max format=8. 2 ‘Weight max'; define total_age / computed; define accum_age / computed; compute total_age; if _break_ eq ‘ ‘ then total_age+age; endcomp; compute accum_age; if _break_ eq ‘ ‘ then temp_age+age; accum_age=temp_age; endcomp; break after / summarize; run; The output is shown in Output 5. Output 5. Comparison of the TOTAL_AGE Column and the ACCUM_AGE Column Notice the difference between the TOTAL_AGE column and the ACCUM_AGE column in Output 5. The TOTAL_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row so that the values are not accumulated. The ACCUM_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row but the TEMP_AGE value is not. TEMP_AGE is a DATA step variable and is not listed in the COLUMN statement. The result is an accumulated column for ACCUM_AGE. The _BREAK_ automatic variable will be blank for detail rows.A quick way to determine the value of a _BREAK_ va riable value is to create an output data set with the OUT= option in the PROC REPORT statement and examine the _BREAK_ values in the output data set. DISCOVERING WAYS TO MOVE COLUMN HEADERS By default, the column heading values come from the label in the DEFINE statement. If you do not specifically specify a label in your code either in the DEFINE statement or through a LABEL statement, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement, submit your code, and look at the code that is created in the SAS log.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will generate the default values it needs to create the output report. One of the default values is the label specified in the DEFINE statement. All of the column headings from the label option in the DEFINE statement span over a single column with one exception, variables that are defined as across variables. A column heading for an across variable can span over multiple columns. In the COLUMN statement, a comma after the across variable indicates whi ch variable or group of variables are associated with the across variable.An example of PROC REPORT code containing an across variable is shown below: 6 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued title ‘Default Column Headers'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes; column Region Product,Sales; define Region / group format= $25. â€Å"Region†; define Product / across format= $14. â€Å"Product†; define Sales / sum format= DOLLAR12. â€Å"Total Sales†; run; Output 6 shows the PROC REPORT example output. Output 6.Default Column Heading with an Across Label Spanning over Multiple Columns Behind the scenes, each unique value of an across variable is transposed from a column to a row. The row data is not available for any further processing within the code as it now becomes a column heading. In Output 6, each value of Product becomes a column with the Product value as the column head ing. Under each Product column heading value is the Sales variable column heading and data for the particular Product value. The heading label Total Sales for every column is redundant.The output report would look better if Total Sales were removed from under the Product column heading and placed above the Product column headings. PROC REPORT provides a way to add column heading information that can span over multiple columns by using a SPANNED HEADER. The SPANNED HEADER is used in the COLUMN statement in this way: column (‘spanned header text' variable-list)†¦; The following example code shows three different methods for using the DEFINE statement and SPANNED HEADERS for creating the column heading: proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split='*'; olumn region (‘(1)Total Sales' ‘(1)Product' ‘(2)Total Sales*(2)Product' product, sales); define region / group format= $25. â€Å"Region†; define product / across format= $14. â€Å"(3)Total Sales† â€Å"(3)Product† ; define sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. † † ; run; You can mix and match the methods. There is no best practice for using each method. The method that you choose depends on the look that you want for the column heading. The output is shown in Output 7. 7 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued Output 7. Moved Column Headings from Different MethodsThe three different methods are numbered in the example code and the output shown in Output 7: method (1) uses multiple SPANNED HEADER text; method (2) uses SPANNED HEADER text with the PROC REPORT SPLIT= character of * to force the text to continue on the next row; method (3) uses multiple labels in the DEFINE statement (you can also use a split character here). Let’s choose method (1) for the column heading and move the column heading to the top row. You can remove the label from the DEFINE statement by replacing the Region text with a blank â€Å" â€Å" and moving the Region text to a SPANNED HEADER in the COLUMN statement.There are three rows of headers. This means that the text of Region will need to be pushed up to the top row. You can do this by adding blank SPANNED HEADER text after the Region text in the COLUMN statement. Here is the modified PROC REPORT code with method (1) and the column heading text of Region: proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split='*'; column (‘Region' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ Region) (‘Total Sales' ‘Product' Product , Sales); define Region / group format= $25. † † ; define Product / across format= $14. † † ; define Sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. † † ; run; Output 8 shows the output. Output 8.Moving Column Headings Using Blank SPANNED HEADERS Behind the scenes, when there is a blank header row and the output is routed to an ODS destination, the blank row is removed automatically. Thi s does not affect the LISTING output. If you want to preserve the blank row, change the blank label on one of the DEFINE statements that is not an across variable to some value. Then add a style 8 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued statement for the header, assigning the foreground color to the background color.For example, if your column heading background is purple, then the style statement for the DEFINE statement would look something like this: style(header)=[background=purple foreground=purple] With the background and the foreground assigned to the same color, any text in the label will blend into the background color. CHANGING DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES WITH STYLES Beginning with SAS 9. 3, the default output destination is HTML. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT is using the HTMLBLUE style. All the output in this paper all uses this default destination. What if you are not fond of the HTMLBLUE style?T hen, what do you do if you want to change the default style of your output report? If you want to change the style of HTMLBLUE to another style that is supplied in the Sashelp. Tmplmst template store, you can run the following code to create a list of all the styles that are available: proc template; list styles; run; You can apply the styles by adding an ODS statement with the specified style before the PROC REPORT statement. For example, if you want to use the FESTIVAL style instead of the default HTMLBLUE style, the ODS statement would look similar to this: ods html style=festival;PROC REPORT also provides the ability to change the styles of the different report locations. Here are the style location values and a description for each that indicates which part of the report is affected: ? ? ? ? ? ? REPORT—the report as a whole HEADER|HDR—the column headings COLUMN—the column cells LINES—the lines generated by LINE statements SUMMARY—the summary r ows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements CALLDEF—the cells identified by a CALL DEFINE statement All of the style locations are valid in the PROC REPORT statement. These styles apply to the entire location that is specified.The style locations can also be combined if the same attribute is being applied to multiple locations. This is the correct syntax: style= The following code shows how to apply the styles in the PROC REPORT statement: ods html style=festival; title ‘Styles on the PROC REPORT statement'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. class(obs=5) split='*' style(report)=[outputwidth=7in] style(column)=[background=lavender] style(header)=[foreground=green] style(summary)=[background=purple foreground=white] style(lines)=[background=lime] style(calldef)=[background=yellow foreground=black]; olumn name age sex weight height; define name / display; define age / order; define sex / display; define height–weight / sum; break after age / summarize; rbreak after / summarize; compute before; line ‘this is the beginning'; endcomp; 9 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued compute age; if _break_ ne ‘ ‘ then call define(‘age','style','style=[pretext=†total†]'); endcomp; run; The STYLE options in the preceding PROC REPORT statement are formatting the output in this way: ? ? ? style(report) sets the report output width to 7 inches. style(column) sets the background for all of the columns to lavender. style(header) applies a green foreground to all of the headers. style(summary) sets all of the summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements with a ? ? style(lines) sets the line statements to a background of lime. style(calldef) sets the foreground to black and background to yellow for the CALL DEFINE locations. background of purple and a foreground of white. The resulting report output is shown in Output 9.Output 9. Changing Default Styles in the PROC REPORT Statement The DEFINE statement supports two types of styles: STYLE(COLUMN) and STYLE(HEADER). STYLE(COLUMN) applies to the entire column but will not override any styles that are applied to other locations in the column. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the DEFINE statement for the NAME variable that creates the Name column like this: define name / display style(column header)=[background=plum]; The background of the HEADER and COLUMN locations for the NAME variable is set to plum.Because styles were applied already to the SUMMARY location, only the header and detail cells for the NAME column are changed to plum. A CALL DEFINE statement is used to override the SUMMARY style for the NAME column. The CALL DEFINE statement is discussed more in the next section. Output 10 is the resulting report output. Output 10. Changing the Default Styles for the NAME Column Using a DEFINE Statement 10 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued The BREAK and RBREAK statements support style changes for summary lines, customized lines, or both.A summary line is created from the BREAK or RBREAK statements. A customized line is created from a LINE statement within a COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER COMPUTE block. The is a break-variable that is defined as either GROUP or ORDER or the _PAGE_ location. A style on the BREAK and RBREAK statements will not override a cell style that is created by a CALL DEFINE statement or the STYLE(CALLDEF) option in the PROC REPORT statement. A CALL DEFINE statement will be used to make the style changes in this case. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the RBREAK statement like this: break after / summarize style=[background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold]; The COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER supports a style option in the COMPUTE statement. A forward slash ‘/’ precedes the style option in the COMPUTE statement. The style option only applies to the LINE statement and will override any previous STYLE(LINES) requests. The style applies to all of the LINE statements within the COMPUTE block. Using the code from this section, a COMPUTE AFTER AGE block is added to show a style modification to the foreground of the LINE statement output. ompute after age/ style=[foreground=red]; line ‘ this is after age'; endcomp; A CALL DEFINE is a statement within a COMPUTE block. To change a style using a CALL DEFINE statement, the STYLE attribute is specified for the attribute-name and the style option is specified as the value. The following is the syntax for a CALL DEFINE statement: call define (column-id | _ROW_ , ‘attribute-name', value); Here is the code with all of the style modifications: ods html style=festival; title ‘Changing Default Attributes with Styles'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. lass(obs=5) split='*' style(report)=[outputwidth=7in] style( column)=[background=lavender] style(header)=[foreground=green] style(summary)=[background=purple foreground=white] style(lines)=[background=lime] style(calldef)=[background=yellow foreground=black]; column name age sex weight height; define name / display style(column header)=[background=plum]; define age / order; define sex / display; define height–weight / sum; break after age / summarize; rbreak after / summarize style=[background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold]; ompute before; line ‘this is the beginning'; endcomp; compute age; if _break_ ne ‘ ‘ then call define(‘age','style','style=[pretext=†total†]'); endcomp; compute after age/ style=[foreground=red]; line ‘ this is after age'; endcomp; run; The updated output is shown in Output 11. 11 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued Output 11. Final Report Output with Changes to Default Attribute s Using Style Options You also can change styles by using inline formatting.Inline formatting is a feature of the Output Delivery System that enables you to insert simple formatting text into ODS output by using the ODS ESCAPECHAR statement. For example, here is a TITLE statement and the resulting output: title ‘This is ^{style [color=red font_weight=bold] RED}'; This is RED The inline formatting in the TITLE statement changes the text of RED to the color of red. The caret (^) in the TITLE statement is the declared ODS ESCAPECHAR. The ODS ESCAPECHAR statement has to be submitted before any inline formatting will take place.The caret (^) can be any unique character that would not normally be in your code. USING THE CALL DEFINE STATEMENT The previous section discussed using the CALL DEFINE statement as a way to change a style by specifying the STYLE attribute for the attribute-name and the STYLE= option for the value. As mentioned earlier, this is the syntax for the CALL DEFINE statement: call define (column-id | _ROW_ , ‘attribute-name', value); The column-id is the column name or the column number. The column-id can be specified as one of the following: ? ? ? ? ? ? a character literal (in quotation marks) that is the column name a character xpression that resolves to the column name a numeric literal that is the column number a numeric expression that resolves to the column number a name of the form _Cn_, where n is the column number the automatic variable _COL_, which identifies the column that contains the report-item to which the compute block is attached _ROW_ is an automatic variable that indicates that the value is to be applied to the entire row. Currently, the _ROW_ variable is applicable only with the STYLE attribute name. Behind the scenes, all of the COLUMN statement report-items are used to create the report.The columns created from the COLUMN statement report-items are placed in the same order, left to right. Each created column has a column number, beginning with ‘1’ for the left-most column on the report. All report-items have a column number, even if there are NOZERO, NOPRINT, and COMPLETECOLS options specified, because these options are applied after the report is created in memory. The following code shows the column number: 12 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued data test; nput type $ color $ counter; cards; aaa purple 1 aaa orange 1 bbb purple 2 ccc orange 2 ; run; proc report nowd data=test missing ; col counter type,color,counter=num; define counter / group ‘ ‘; define type / across ‘ ‘; define color / across ‘ ‘; define num / sum ‘ ‘ nozero; compute num; call define(4,'style','style=[background=purple]'); endcomp; run; Output 12 shows the output. Output12. PROC REPORT Output with the Incorrect Column Number Used in a CALL DEFINE Statement In the code above, the CALL DEFINE statement applies a purple background to the fourth column.There is a NOZERO option in the DEFINE statement for NUM, which instructs the report to not print that column if all the column values are zero or missing. By adding the SHOWALL option to the PROC REPORT statement and resubmitting the code, the resulting output in Output 13 shows the fourth column with a purple background. The SHOWALL option displays all of the NOPRINT option and NOZERO option columns in the output report. This option, with the LIST option, is good to use when debugging PROC REPORT code. proc report nowd data=test missing showall; Output 13.Resulting Output When the SHOWALL Option Is Applied to the PROC REPORT Statement If the intention is to change the background of the fourth column that is shown in Output 13, then here is the correct CALL DEFINE statement: call define(5,'style','style=[background=purple]'); There is no limit to the number of CALL DEFINE statements that can be used in a COM PUTE block. If there are duplicate styles that need to be applied to different cells, you might want to consider consolidating the CALL DEFINE statements. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT calls on the SAS DATA step compiler when a COMPUTE block is used.Most of the SAS DATA step code functionally is available to you when you create code for a COMPUTE block. One consolidation technique is to use a DO loop with a CALL DEFINE to loop through the column number to apply a style. Using the code in this section, here is a modification to the COMPUTE NUM block: 13 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued compute num; call define(_row_,'style','style=[background=wheat]'); do purple_column= 3 to 5 by 2; call define(purple_column,'style','style=[background=purple foreground=white font_weight=bold]'); end; ndcomp; The output is shown in Output 14. Output 14. Output Using Modified Code from the COMPUTE NUM Block We ha ve seen examples of using the attribute name of STYLE. There are other attribute names that can be used. For example, if you want to make the contents of each cell a link to a specified Uniform Resource Locator (URL), you can use the URL attribute as the attribute-name and the link as the value. Before ODS, and yes, there was a time before ODS, there was the Output Window (known now as the LISTING destination). The only attribute that is specified in a CALL DEFINE statement for use in the Output Window is the  ®FORMAT attribute. Once ODS was introduced in SAS 7, the ability to use the FORMAT attribute included all output destinations. _ROW_ cannot be used when the FORMAT attribute name is specified in the CALL DEFINE statement. The best use of the FORMAT attribute can be illustrated by using the output from a PROC MEANS using the default statistics. The following PROC MEANS code creates an output data set and a PROC PRINT to print the output: proc means data=sashelp. class nway; w here age=15; class age; var weight height; output out=means_output; run; proc print; run; The output is shown in Output 15.Output 15. PROC PRINT Output In looking at the output in Output 15, it really does not make sense for the N statistic for the WEIGHT and HEIGHT variables to have decimals. PROC REPORT allows an easy way to change the format for these two cells by using the CALL DEFINE statement within a COMPUTE block. The following PROC REPORT shows the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute. 14 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued proc report nowd data=means_output; col age _stat_ weight height; define age / order; efine _stat_ / display; define weight / sum format=8. 2; define height / sum format=8. 2; compute height; if _stat_='N' then do; call define(‘Weight. sum','format','8. ‘); call define(‘Height. sum','format','8. ‘); end; endcomp; run; The results are shown in O utput 16. Output 16. PROC REPORT Output with a Cell Format Change The first row under the headers in Output 16 shows the N statistic for both the WEIGHT and HEIGHT columns without decimals. Any time there is a need to change the format of a cell within a column, the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute is the best method to use.The other choice would be to create a computed character variable version of the value with the desired format. But what fun would that be? EXPLORING MULTILABEL FORMATTING TO CREATE SUBGROUP COMBINATIONS You might be asking yourself, what is multilabel formatting? Admittedly, the concept of multilabel formatting baffled me at first. I knew other procedures such as PROC TABULATE and PROC MEANS worked with multilabel formatting, and therefore could not envision it with PROC REPORT. Multilabel formatting enables PROC REPORT to use a format label or labels for a given range or overlapping ranges to create a combination of subgroups.The multilabel formats are app lied to either group or across variables. It was not until I had a scenario where I needed to create a report with various subgroupings that I began to appreciate using multilabel formatting. Unfortunately, because multilabel formatting was not available for PROC REPORT in the version of SAS that I was using, my only choice was to slice and dice the data prior to the PROC REPORT step. Multilabel formatting is new for PROC REPORT in SAS 9. 3. The multilabel format is created with PROC FORMAT. The option of multilabel within parentheses is applied to the VALUE statement after the format name.A syntax error, such as the following, will occur in the SAS log if the multilabel option is added without the parentheses: ERROR 22-322: Syntax error, expecting one of the following: a quoted string, a numeric constant, a datetime constant, a missing value, ;, (, LOW, OTHER. ERROR 202-322: The option or parameter is not recognized and will be ignored. If there are overlapping ranges on the labels of the VALUE statement, error messages such as the following will be created in the SAS log for each overlapping range: ERROR: These two ranges overlap: LOW-16 and 11-13 (fuzz=1E-12).ERROR: These two ranges overlap: 11-14 and 11-15 (fuzz=1E-12). In the following example PROC FORMAT code, the multilabel option within parentheses is listed after the format name of AGEFMT in the VALUE statement: 15 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued proc format; value agefmt (multilabel) 11-13 =' 11 to 13†² 11-14 =' 11 to 14†² 11-15 =' 11 to 15†² 11-high ='11 and above' low-16 ='16 and below' ; run; You might have noticed that some of the labels contain leading blanks.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT applies the format before creating groups and the formatted values are used for ordering. Without the leading spaces, the category of ‘11 and above’ will be the first group printed because an ‘a’ in ‘and’ precedes a ‘t’ in ‘to’ for an ascending ordering schema. Adding leading spaces is a way to ensure the desired grouping order. In the example PROC REPORT code below, AGEFMT format is added to the DEFINE AGE statement. Notice that there is also the option of MLF. The MLF option is required when multilabel formatting is desired. itle â€Å"Multilabel Formatting†; proc report data=sashelp. class nowd; col sex age (‘Mean' height weight); define sex / group; define age / group mlf format=agefmt. ‘Age Groups'; define height / mean format=6. 2 ‘Height (in. )'; define weight / mean format=6. 2 ‘Weight (lbs. )'; rbreak after / summarize; run; The output is shown below in Output 17. Output 17. Multilabel Formatting HTML Output The multilabel formatting is applied only to a group or across variable. If you try to apply the MLF option to any other definition, a warning message will be produced.For exa mple, if the group variable is changed to an order variable for the DEFINE AGE statement, the SAS log will show the following warning: WARNING: The MLF option is valid only with GROUP and ACROSS variables. MLF will have no effect for the variable age. If you need to create a detailed report instead of a summary report, you can change any other group variable to an order variable or add an order variable. For example, using the code in this section, if the DEFINE SEX/GROUP is changed to DEFINE SEX/ORDER, a detailed report showing a row for every observation from the input data set will be produced. 16PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued DID YOU KNOW†¦ Now that you know the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT, here are some other little-known facts of interest. Did you know that PROC REPORT started out as an interactive windowing product and the interactive window is the default environment ? Are you not sure what an interactive window is? Most of us have accidentally invoked PROC REPORT code without the NOWD, NOWINDOWS, or the NOFS option and end up in an unfamiliar window. This unfamiliar window is actually the REPORT window.Here is sample PROC REPORT code that invokes the REPORT window: proc report data=sashelp. class; run; The REPORT window is shown in Display 1. Display 1. The REPORT Window Showing PROC REPORT Code In fact, the REPORT window can be found in different places of SAS. For example, the Report Editor under the Tools menu and the Design Report selection under Reporting in the Solutions menu item both invoke the REPORT window. Entering TREPORT in the command line box will also invoke the REPORT WINDOW. For anyone new to PROC REPORT, using the report in the window mode is a wonderful way to quickly create an immediate report.The code can be found in the Report Statements selection located in the Tools menu from the REPORT window. For experienced PROC REPO RT coders, using the REPORT window to create the code saves time typing. Make sure that the NOWD option is added to the PROC REPORT statement when you are running in an editor. As new options are added to PROC REPORT, most of them will also work in the windowing mode. The exception is with ODS. The windowing mode of PROC REPORT does not support any of the ODS functionality. So check it out!  ®  ® Also, did you know that for SAS Enterprise Guide users, there is a wizard that uses PROC REPORT behind the scenes?It is called the List Report wizard. You can invoke the List Report window through the Describe selection under the Tasks menu item. The List Report wizard was designed for the user who has little to no SAS or PROC REPORT experience. Only the underlying code reveals that PROC REPORT was used behind the scenes. Display 2 shows the SAS Enterprise Guide List Report wizard. Display 2. The SAS Enterprise Guide List Report Wizard 17 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets beh ind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued CONCLUSIONSo there you have it. We have discovered the secrets behind how PROC REPORT is made by exploring a numeric variable in a COMPUTE block, the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable, and ways to move column headings, change attributes with styles, use the CALL DEFINE statement, and explore the multilabel formatting. We dug deep into example code and even unwrapped some of the little known facts about PROC REPORT. That is all the time we have and thank you for taking part in PROC REPORT Unwrapped! RECOMMENDED READING Booth, Allison McMahill. 2011. Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks Updated for SAS ® 9. 2. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2012 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings11/246-2011. pdf. Booth, Allison McMahill. 2010. â€Å"Evolve from a Carpenter’s Apprentice to a Master Woodworker: Creating a Plan for Your Reports and Avoiding Common Pitfalls in REPORT Procedure Coding. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2010 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings10/1332010. pdf.Booth, Allison McMahill. 2007. â€Å"Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2007 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/rnd/papers/sgf07/sgf2007-report. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"Find Your Answer in the SAS Knowledge Base. † SAS Customer Support Web Site. Available at support. sas. com/resources/.  ® SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"REPORT Procedure. † Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. tm#p0bqogcics9o4xn17yvt2qjbgdpi. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"REPORT Procedure Windows. à ¢â‚¬  Base SAS ® 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. htm#p10d8v5dnafqb9n1p35e7kp9q67e. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. â€Å"The REPORT Procedure: Getting Started with the Basics. † Technical Paper. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/ProcReportBasics. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. â€Å"Using Style Elements in the REPORT and TABULATE Procedures. † Technical Paper.Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/stylesinprocs. pdf. CONTACT INFORMATION Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. Contact the author at: Allison McMahill Booth SAS Institute Inc. SAS Campus Drive Cary, NC 27513 E-mail: [email  protected] com Web: support. sas. com SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other coun tries.  ® indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies. 18